Zapaleri

Zapaleri
	Planina • vulkan
Položaj
Koordinate	22°48′50″S 67°10′51″W / 22.813806°S 67.1807°W (WD)
Država	Argentina; Čile; Bolivija;
Fizikalne osobine
Najviši vrh	5,643 m
	Zapaleri Zapaleri na zemljovidu Bolivije

Zapaleri je vulkan čiji je vrh tromeđa Argentine, Bolivije i Čilea. U tom području postoji nekoliko željezničkih pruga.^[1] Dio je departmana Potosí (Bolivija), pokrajinje Jujuy (Argentina) i regije Antofagasta (Čile). Vulkan se formirao na vrhu Tara Ignimbrite prije 2,89 milijuna godina iz kaldere Guacha^[2], a područje ispod vulkana formiran je od krednih i tercijarnih stijena pogođenih tektonskim deformacijama. Vulkanske stijene su andezit, bazalt, dacit i riolit.^[3] Kasnokredne stijene također se nalaze na tom području,^[4] kao i pleistocenske šošonitne vulkanske stijene.^[5] Vulkan je neaktivan najmanje 10 000 godina.^[6]

Bolivijski dio planine zaštićen je unutar Nacionalnog rezervata andske faune Eduardo Avaroa. Štoviše, blizu je sektora Salar de Tara-Salar de Aguas Calientes nacionalnog rezervata Los Flamencos, Čile.

Zapaleri je povezan s glavnim izvorom opsidijana,^[7] s distribucijskom sferom pronađenom na arheološkim nalazištima širok preko 350 km.^[8] Opsidijan se nalazi na bolivijskoj strani granice pored Lagune Blance. Drugi izvor nalazi se na planini Solterio.^[9] Inka i raniji arheološki ostaci povezani su s nalazištima opsidijana.^[10]

Izvori

↑ Benedetti, Alejandro. Prosinac 2005. El ferrocarril Huaytiquina, entre el progreso y el fracaso. Aproximaciones desde la geografía histórica del territorio de los Andes. Revista Escuela de Historia (španjolski) (4): 123–165. ISSN 1669-9041. Pristupljeno 17. siječnja 2016.
↑ Ort, Michael H.; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Jiménez C., Néstor; Jicha, Brian R.; Singer, Bradley S. Siječanj 2013. Correlation of ignimbrites using characteristic remanent magnetization and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Central Andes, Bolivia. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 14 (1): 141–157. doi:10.1029/2012GC004276
↑ Munizaga, Francisco; Marinovic, Nicolas. Evidencias preliminares de un volcanismo cenozoico superior en el area del Vn. Zapaleri, II Region, Chile (PDF). SERNAGEOMIN (španjolski). Second Chilean Geologic Congress. Inačica izvorne stranice (PDF) arhivirana 25. studenoga 2015. Pristupljeno 18. siječnja 2016.
↑ Bogdanic, T. C.; Espinoza, S. R. 1994. Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Cretaceous-Early Tertiary and Metallogenic Scheme of Northern Chile, Between 20° S and 26° S. Cretaceous Tectonics of the Andes. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. Wiesbaden. str. 229. doi:10.1007/978-3-322-85472-8_5. ISBN 978-3-322-85472-8
↑ Coira, Beatríz; Davidson, John; Mpodozis, Constantino; Ramos, Victor. Studeni 1982. Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile. Earth-Science Reviews. 18 (3–4): 303–332. doi:10.1016/0012-8252(82)90042-3
↑ cerrozapaleri-eruptions.html
↑ Latorre, Claudio; Santoro, Calogero M.; Ugalde, Paula C.; Gayo, Eugenia M.; Osorio, Daniela; Salas-Egaña, Carolina; De Pol-Holz, Ricardo; Joly, Delphine; Rech, Jason A. Listopad 2013. Late Pleistocene human occupation of the hyperarid core in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. Quaternary Science Reviews. 77: 19–30. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.008
↑ Malainey, Mary E. 2011. Flaked and Ground Stone Tools. A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique. 1st izdanje. Springer. New York. str. 275–289. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5704-7_18. ISBN 978-1-4419-5704-7
↑ Yacobaccio, Hugo D; Escola, Patricia S; Pereyra, Fernando X; Lazzari, Marisa; Glascock, Michael D. Veljača 2004. Quest for ancient routes: obsidian sourcing research in Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (2): 193–204. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.08.001
↑ Seelenfreund, Andrea; Pino, Mario; Glascock, Michael D.; Sinclaire, Carole; Miranda, Pedro; Pasten, Denisse; Cancino, Simón; Dinator, María Inés; Morales, José Roberto. Ožujak 2010. Morphological and geochemical analysis of the Laguna Blanca/Zapaleri obsidian source in the Atacama Puna. Geoarchaeology. 25 (2): 245–263. doi:10.1002/gea.20306

[1] Benedetti, Alejandro. Prosinac 2005. El ferrocarril Huaytiquina, entre el progreso y el fracaso. Aproximaciones desde la geografía histórica del territorio de los Andes. Revista Escuela de Historia (španjolski) (4): 123–165. ISSN 1669-9041. Pristupljeno 17. siječnja 2016.

[2] Ort, Michael H.; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Jiménez C., Néstor; Jicha, Brian R.; Singer, Bradley S. Siječanj 2013. Correlation of ignimbrites using characteristic remanent magnetization and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Central Andes, Bolivia. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 14 (1): 141–157. doi:10.1029/2012GC004276

[Biblioserver-3] Munizaga, Francisco; Marinovic, Nicolas. Evidencias preliminares de un volcanismo cenozoico superior en el area del Vn. Zapaleri, II Region, Chile (PDF). SERNAGEOMIN (španjolski). Second Chilean Geologic Congress. Inačica izvorne stranice (PDF) arhivirana 25. studenoga 2015. Pristupljeno 18. siječnja 2016.

[4] Bogdanic, T. C.; Espinoza, S. R. 1994. Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Cretaceous-Early Tertiary and Metallogenic Scheme of Northern Chile, Between 20° S and 26° S. Cretaceous Tectonics of the Andes. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. Wiesbaden. str. 229. doi:10.1007/978-3-322-85472-8_5. ISBN 978-3-322-85472-8

[5] Coira, Beatríz; Davidson, John; Mpodozis, Constantino; Ramos, Victor. Studeni 1982. Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile. Earth-Science Reviews. 18 (3–4): 303–332. doi:10.1016/0012-8252(82)90042-3

[6] rrozapaleri-eruptions.html

[7] Latorre, Claudio; Santoro, Calogero M.; Ugalde, Paula C.; Gayo, Eugenia M.; Osorio, Daniela; Salas-Egaña, Carolina; De Pol-Holz, Ricardo; Joly, Delphine; Rech, Jason A. Listopad 2013. Late Pleistocene human occupation of the hyperarid core in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. Quaternary Science Reviews. 77: 19–30. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.008

[8] Malainey, Mary E. 2011. Flaked and Ground Stone Tools. A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique. 1st izdanje. Springer. New York. str. 275–289. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5704-7_18. ISBN 978-1-4419-5704-7

[9] Yacobaccio, Hugo D; Escola, Patricia S; Pereyra, Fernando X; Lazzari, Marisa; Glascock, Michael D. Veljača 2004. Quest for ancient routes: obsidian sourcing research in Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (2): 193–204. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.08.001

[10] Seelenfreund, Andrea; Pino, Mario; Glascock, Michael D.; Sinclaire, Carole; Miranda, Pedro; Pasten, Denisse; Cancino, Simón; Dinator, María Inés; Morales, José Roberto. Ožujak 2010. Morphological and geochemical analysis of the Laguna Blanca/Zapaleri obsidian source in the Atacama Puna. Geoarchaeology. 25 (2): 245–263. doi:10.1002/gea.20306

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